Sapolsky is witty, intelligent and quite knowledgeable of his subject matter. I never understood what was meant by "identifying with the mind" or why "free will is an illusion". I also didn't understand what amygdala hijack was either even though I had heard about it a lot. All of this is explained and more. The connection between us humans and other animals was profoundly moving and I loved the last half of the book as Sapolsky explains major themes of human behavior such as compassion, empathy, hate, aggression, peace, war and many others and helps us understand what is happening within our brains that drives these behaviors. I found the reviews by obvious conservatives (most of the 1 & 2 star folks) quite funny. Clearly they didn't read the entire book. Because one thing Sapolsky notes over and over and over....the brain is PLASTIC. It can change depending on how much we "feed" it new information. So even when he notes that conservatives tend toward stupidity, he explains what is happening within their brains that dictates this. And it's important to note they were not born this way, but became this way in response to their environment, mostly to the fear of not surviving. (One thing you really get from this book is how survival is a fundamental driver of ALL our behavior). As a result they spend too much time thinking from the limited limbic system (amygdala) and too little time activating and expanding their knowledge within the prefrontal cortex. They are literally continually activating their threat response and all their choices are fear-based. Emotional regulation/mindfulness is the key to overcoming this and it's sad they don't see this. So much unnecessary suffering. This was a really long book and took me months to finish. But was really so much worth the effort. I highly recommend this book to all humans.

In this amazing book, Sapolsky covers the biology of human behavior in a very comprehensive manner. The author groups the subject in two parts. In the first one, he starts presenting what happens one second before the observed behavior and continues to go back in time until the point where he discusses the evolutionary aspects of human behavior. In the second part of the book, Sapolsky then explains the consequences of what he presented in part one in several aspects of human behavior. The author did a comprehensive research of the topics covered, and the book is full of references. It is not an easy book to read, despite the effort of The author to write it in a less technical way. It's a very good read for anyone interested in understanding the biology of human behavior.

Behave: The Biology of Humans at our Best and Worst is a comprehensive overview of ways to think about the causal mechanisms involved in human behavior. This is of course a massive subject that is still poorly understood despite large strides made in the lace century. Robert Sapolsky tackles the root causes of behavior through multiple lenses to give the reader a sense of how our minds work. This book is not easy and the material it covers is from many technical subjects which are then interwoven. But for the interested reader this is a pretty remarkable achievement as one gets an overview of human nature from a combinatorial lens of primatology, neuroscience, behavioral economics, biochemistry, psychology among other subjects. Such an attempt would seem impossible for almost any author, but this book largely achieves its goals. Behave is split into 17 chapters in which each chapter effectively thinks about behavior on a longer time scale, starting with immediately before to getting to evolutionary origin. The author starts by posing questions on how our behavior originates. The first 5 chapters highlight this point and the author discusses topics from how the neuroscience of decisions works to how our the neural architecture is laid through our experiences. There is a lot of technical material which can be tough to follow, but there is an appendix which helps clarify the subject for those less familiar. Nonetheless Chapter 2 discusses the various parts of the brain and aspects of their evolution and has a lot of detail but is a core reference chapter for later in the book. The author then starts getting into hormones and regulation and how they impact our actions, there is a lot of discussion of myths and facts and one gets a sense of how complex the interactions are. The author discusses the adolescent brain and how it is still very much in development. Ideas like how accountable are youths get's discussed, these kinds of questions are posed and re-discussed throughout. The author discusses how the environment can influence behavior and some epigenetic ideas are discussed along side general brain development. The author discusses the basis of our political nature as well, in particular how people categorize other people and have internal Us vs Them delineations. How we frame who is an us and who is a them though is extremely variable and our characterization of groups is deemed to be largely constructed rather than innate. The author discusses how different societies have different levels of social interactions and consequentially how different people think about interacting with strangers depends heavily on how much social capital their respective societies have. The author discusses hierarchies and brings in his primatology expertise and discusses how different ape families manage their hierarchies and stress associated with such systems. Human hierarchical systems are discussed in this contexts and the author highlights that our current capitalistic hierarchical society is all new relative to hunter gatherer systems. The author discusses our systems of morality and where they originate; the author looks at cases of high generosity and discusses what parts of the brain were involved. There are lots of interesting facts to be read in these chapters, really fascinating material. The author discusses things like empathy and sympathy and how too much empathy gets in the way of prudent action. It is the dispassionate observer who ends up being more helpful on average. The author revisits the criminal justice system and discusses the deep flaws in how we might be thinking of right and wrong and responsibility; there are useful ideas to consider when thinking about policy. The author ends up by discussing our propensity for violence and war overtime. There are some great anecdotal stories from recent world wars on reconciliation as well as front line behavior when people weren't considering the enemy a them. Behave is a pretty remarkable book. It is a combination of material from so many subjects, all of which are non-trivial, and it is put together remarkably well. For those interested in how people can behave, where our behavior comes from, what time scales are involved in our propensities and how flexible our responses are this is a must read. One should get a sense of optimism from this, despite science's progress on understanding behavior, we are nowhere close to claiming we have strong causal mechanisms that took a person from point a to b. There are correlated variables and we have some indication on where propensities come from but one still has room for individualism in this book. Very informative, very impressive.